Café-débat “Genetics & Ethics”
Intervenant :
Éric Marois – Il travaille à l’IBMC, et étudie les moustiques en tant que vecteurs de maladies transmises à l’Homme. Son rôle est de développer des outils de transgénèse chez les moustiques.
Contexte :
Les moustiques sont des vecteurs qui peuvent transmettre diverses maladies à l’Homme (paludisme, dengue…). Ce sont d’ailleurs les moustiques qui sont les plus dangereux pour l’Homme et qui causent le plus de morts. Cependant, tous les moustiques ne sont pas dangereux: seule une centaine d’espèces sur les 3500 espèces totales de moustiques sont capables de transmettre des maladies à l’Homme.
L’espèce la plus dangereuse pour l’Homme est Anopheles gambiae, qui transmet le paludisme. Cette maladie est actuellement difficile à traiter car le parasite responsable de la maladie, appelé Plasmodium, est constamment en train de s’adapter et développe des résistances aux médicaments. De plus, le DDT était aussi utilisé pour limiter le paludisme en éliminant les moustiques, mais cet insecticide a été interdit car il était nocif pour l’Homme, et que les moustiques réussissaient à développer des résistances. Actuellement, le médicament le plus efficace pour traiter le paludisme est l’artémisinine, mais les premiers cas de résistance apparaissent en Asie et pourraient bientôt atteindre l’Afrique.
C’est pourquoi il est nécessaire de trouver de nouveaux traitements contre le paludisme.
On peut alors se demander ce que fait la recherche dans tout ça ?
Il y a de nombreux moyens de lutter contre les moustiques comme vecteur:
- Empêcher la résistance aux insecticides
- Diminuer leur compétence vectorielle
- Bloquer la transmission du parasite
- Moduler leur reproduction (trouver des moyens de diminuer leur prolifération)
- Etudier le microbiote des pathogènes
- Développer la transgénèse des moustiques
La transgénèse des moustiques :
Cela permet d’étudier les interactions biologiques avec le pathogène.
Il y a plusieurs manières de créer des moustiques transgéniques. Tout d’abord, la méthode “old-fashioned”, qui consiste à injecter de l’ADN dans les gonades des moustiques, ainsi la prochaine génération de moustique sera transgénique. Et plus récemment, la méthode du “gene drive”, ou forçage génétique qui utilise la technique CRISPR/cas9. Cette dernière méthode est la plus controversée. D’ailleurs, plus de 150 ONG ont demandé l’interdiction de faire de la recherche sur le forçage génétique mais les Nations Unies ont refusé vu l’enjeu de la recherche.
Chaque méthode a ses avantages et inconvénients:
| Avantages | Inconvénients | |
| Transgénèse traditionnelle | – ses effets sont similaires à l’usage d’insecticides mais sans les désavantages | – efficace seulement à une petite échelle géographique
– ne peut pas fonctionner pour toutes les espèces de moustiques |
| Forçage génétique | – modification génétique peut être transmise jusqu’à 100% de la population
– pas d’impact sur la santé humaine – processus autonome (auto-amplification) |
– déséquilibre de l’écosystème
– possibilité de transfert de gène horizontal – possibilité que les OGM deviennent persistants |
Dans tous les cas, la transgénèse génère des réticences chez le grand public. Cela est dû à de nombreux facteurs. Par exemple, le fait que des entreprises privées soient en charge de créer des moustiques transgéniques et non pas des organismes publics. L’entreprise Oxitec a notamment développé des moustiques transgéniques de telle sorte que lorsqu’ils se reproduisent avec des moustiques WT, leurs œufs ne survivent pas. Mais une étude a montré que 4% des œufs transgéniques survivaient ce qui a causé des controverses et Oxitec a été accusé d’un manque de transparence.
Si la transgénèse venait à se faire, il faudrait essayer de prédire toutes les issues possibles, et prendre en compte l’équilibre risques-avantages. Cela ne peut se faire que si la décision est prise de manière démocratique, ce qui n’est pas toujours évident. En effet, les maladies transmises via les moustiques arrivent souvent dans les pays en voie de développement, où les gens n’ont pas forcément un niveau d’éducation élevé (difficulté pour expliquer tous les enjeux, possibilité d’être influencés).
Discussion autour de la vidéo “The ethics of CRISPR gene editing with Jennifer Doudna” :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ijr1ccYPtI
- Est-il éthique d’attendre pour faire de la transgénèse vu le contexte ?
Il faut prendre le facteur “humain” en considération : énormément de personnes meurent actuellement de maladies transmises par les moustiques, et cela a un impact énorme sur les pays touchés. De plus, on peut se demander si cette “modification” est très différente de ce que l’on fait déjà subir à l’environnement (agriculture intensive…)
- Qu’en est-il de l’adhésion du public ?
Expliquer aux gens les enjeux, les technologies disponibles, les risques/bénéfices pour qu’ils puissent se forger leur propre opinion. Il faut aussi utiliser le bon vocabulaire, et être complètement transparent, par exemple ne pas essayer de trouver un nom qui fait moins “peur” pour forçage génétique.
- Est-il possible de faire du forçage génétique sur l’Homme ?
En théorie c’est possible mais en pratique pour fonctionner correctement cela nécessiterait un temps de génération court, de plus le public n’est pas prêt pour cela.
- Est-ce que cela peut constituer une arme biologique ?
La technologie du forçage génétique peut permettre de faire une arme biologique, d’ailleurs la DARPA évalue ces risques et essaie de trouver des moyens de riposter
- Qui pourrait décider d’utiliser ou non le forçage génétique ?
Avant de lancer le forçage génétique, cela devrait être discuté par toute la communauté internationale. La décision ne devrait pas être prise au niveau national mais par une institution plus haute (Nations Unies par exemple) car les OGM ne respectent pas les frontières
Commentaires : 24 151
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